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Bay-boh-boung-ay-yaush
father of Min-o-ge-shig
Q. The two Min-o-ge-shig had the same mother?
A. Yes, they had the same mother.
Q. Did you ever hear who was the father of the mixed blood
Min-o-ge-shig?
called the man from Montreal.
A. I used to hear. A man from Montreal, a Frenchman, whom we
Q. Was he ever in this country?
A. No, sir.
Q. The mother of Min-o-ge-shig was Hay-way-dah-quod-o-quay?
A. Yes, sir, that is the one.
Q. She came from the English country, didn't she?
A. Hay-way-dah-quod-o-quay lived at Leech Lake - that is only
what I heard - and then she went east. That is where she got
Min-o-ge-shig.
Q. When you say she went east, you mean she went to Lake Superior?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did Hay-way-dah-quod-o-quay get Ke-che-min-o-ge-shig over at
Lake Superior also?
A. No, sir, she got him over here at Leech Lake.
Q. Shah-yah-go-say was also a son of Min-o-ge-shig, wasn't he?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. I mean the Min-o-ge-shig who lived around Otter Tail Lake?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And would you say that all of Min-o-ge-shig's children were
A. I would not say. He had one drop of Indian blood and one drop
mixed bloods?


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of white blood.
Q. Mino-ge-shig did? A. Yes, sir.
Q. Well, then, his children would have one drop of white blood, too, wouldn't they?
Q. Yes, sir, that is why I say that.
Q. Then Shah-ah-go-say, the son of Min-o-ge-shig, was a
mixed blood, wasn't he?
A. Yes, sir, his mother was an Indian woman.
Q. Shah-yah-go-say had a son called Kosh-kin-ay-cush?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Would you call him a full blood or a mixed blood?
A. I would not say that. His mother is an Indian woman.
Q. And which is he then, a full blood?
A. I said myself, I call him a mixed blood.
Q. Do you know Mun-e-do-bish-e-ke, the son of Ah-be-tah-wish-
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And he was the son of Dah-ko-god?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Mun-e-do-ge-shig married Ay-go-je-binais?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Was she a full blood?
A. I would not say that. For that reason I would not say that, because Ay-go-je-binais was the daughter of Wah-booze, for the
reason that it was not ascertained, or was not really known, what Wah-booze ah-ko-wenzie really was.
Q. He was not considered a full blood Indian, was he?


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A. To me, it appeared to me that he was one of those dark
Indians we have among us.
Q. He was not all of Indian blood, was he?
A. Just as I have said - that is what I considered him.
Q. You do not know who the father of Wah-booze was?
A. No, sir.
Q. His mother was the same woman who was the mother of the
mixed blood Min-e-ge-shig, wasn't she?
A. You, sir, the Min-e-ge-shig was visibly a mixed blood.
Q. He was light? A. Yes, sir, he was light.
Q. Wah-booze was dark?
A. He was one of those Indians you notice that are blacker
than the others.
Q. Was he black like those Indians that are called "Bunga?"
A. He was a little bit more transparent. That is the way the
Indian looks. He is not so opaque like the negro.
Q. I have not yet got my comparisons. Which was the more trans-
parent, Wah-booze or Bunga?
A. Well, I could not say positively what this woman was, be-
cause I do not know it exactly.
Q. What woman do you mean?
A. Ay-go-je-binnis, daughter of Wah-booze.
Q. Then you are not able to say whether the child of Mun-e-do-
hish-e-kee and Ay-go-je-binnis was a full blood?
A. No, sir, I wouldn't say. That is why I would not say
that. I would not tell a lie. I would not say this lest I
told a lie.


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Q. What do you understand by the name"mixed blood" that we
are using here?
A. I do not understand.
Q. If an Indian woman married a Frenchman, and they had
children, would you call their children mixed bloods?
A. I would call them little Frenchmen, children; that is what
the Indians call them.
Q. Would you call them French children when their mother
was a full-blood Indian?
A. Yes, sir. The father is the progenitor of the children.
Q. If those children went with their mother and lived
among the Indians, and dressed and lived as the Indians
did, do you call them Frenchmen?
A. Yes, sir, that is the way they would be called. This name
which they have would not be eradicated no matter how they
lived.
Q. If the son of a Frenchman and an Indian mother married an
Indian woman and had children, would you call their children?
A. Those are mixed blood. They would be called mixed bloods -
those children. I tell it to you they would be a half-breed
when the bloods are equal.
Q. If a half-breed marries a full-blood Indian woman, what
do you call their children?
A. I do not know what I would say as to that. I have stated
as to how, as to my own way of saying.


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Q. Now, let me ask this question. When the grandchild of
a white man, either American or French, lives among the
Indians and dresses as they do, can you tell whether they
are full bloods or mixed bloods?
A. I would recognize them.
A. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
Q. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
A. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
A. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
A. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
A. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
A. I'll go down the line again. If the child of a half-
Q. How would you recognize them as mixed bloods?
A. There were such among the Indians wearing breech cloths
just like the Indians, and they were noticeable. The Indians,
all Indians noticed them.
Q. What made them noticeable - were they any lighter colored
than the regular Indians?
A. Yes, they were lighter. They were noticeable.
Q. Was their hair any different from the hair of the regular
Indians?
A. Yes, they looked different from the others. That is why
I say.
Q. Some of them had lighter colored hair, didn't they?
A. Some of them had brown hair.
Q. And some of them had curly hair, didn't they?
A. Some of them. Some of them just brown; and the eyes showed
it too.


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Q. Some of them had blue eyes, too, didn't they?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Would the child of one of these mixed bloods that you
have been telling us about, whose mother was an Indian, also
be a mixed blood?
A. Yes, sir, that is the way. That is what I stated. Of
course I don't know what the real constitution of the blood
at this stage is.
Q. Would you call a person a mixed blood who was all Indian
blood, except one drop of white blood?
A. I would call him a mixed blood, yes, sir.
Q. Then, if you saw a person living among the Indians who
had curly hair, you would think he was a mixed blood, wouldn't
you?
A. Yes, sir, I would call him a mixed blood.
Q. Some of the mixed bloods cut their hair short instead of
wearing it in braids, didn't they?
A. Those that live among the Indians braid their hair, and they
wear breech cloths.
Q. Didn't some of the mixed bloods who lived among the
Indians and wore breech cloths cut their hair short instead
of wearing it in braids?
A. I never saw any of them.
Q. You told us the other day about Shah-bo-ge-shig-gway-skung?
A. Yes, sir.
A. O-gow-ah-kig.
Q. Who was his father?


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Q. Well, didn't you tell us the other day that O-zow-ah-kig
had curly brown Hair?
A. I didn't say he had brown hair. I said his hair was
curly. His hair was not braided.
Q. Well, that is the question I wanted to ask you. He did
not wear his hair in braids like the regular Indians?
A. No, sir.
Q. Did he wear it long, or did he cut his hair around his
shoulders?
A. They were not cut that way. That was the natural appear-
ance.
Q. Do you know who his father was?
A. No, sir, he was not born at Leech Lake. He came from be-
yond, and he came here to live with a woman.
Q. Did he come from Lake Superior?
A. He may have come from among the spruce country.
Q. How can you tell, then, whether he was a full blood or
a mixed blood?
A. Well, I don't know who he was.
Q. You would not say he was a full blood Indian, would you?
A. No, sir, he was somewhat light, the old man.
Q. Did O-zow-ah-kig have any brothers in this country?
A. None that I know of, just his sons.
Q. I have forgotten whether you told us the other day whether
you knew Kah-mah-kah-day-wah-shay, the father of Ah-she-gun?


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A. Yes, I told you about him.
Q. Didn't you tell us at Fergus Falls two years ago that Kah-
mah-kah-day-wah-shay was not a full-blood Indian?
A. I didn't say that. I do not recollect that I said that.
I just named him, that his name was Kah-mah-kah-day-wah-shay, and that his son was Ah-she-gun.
Q. We spoke a little while ago about Sah-gah-dah-moose. He
had a son called Ke-we-sah-win-de-bay?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Wasn't he light complected?
A. No, sir, he was an Indian.
Q. Did he have Indian hair, or did he have brown hair?
A. That was an Indian. The name Ke-we-sah-win-de-bay is simply a name.
Q. Do you know Ah-nah-me-ke-we-gwen, the son of Ah-be-tah-wish-
kud?
A. He had no son by that name.
Q. Did he marry May-mis-quah-nah-waince?
A. May-mis-quah-nah-waince was the father of Ah-nah-me-ke-we-
gwen.
Q. Was Ah-be-tah-wash-and the mother of Ah-nah-me-ke-we-gwen?
A. No, sir, his mother was Be-she-waince.
Q. Is Ah-nah-me-ke-we-gwen a full blood?
A. Yes, sir, they are Indians.
Q. Isn't he light complected? A., No, sir.


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Q. Was Ah-be-tah-wash-kud, the son of Dah-ko-god, light
complexed, or was he an Indian too?
A. Yes, sir, they were Indians. You mean the old Ah-be-tah-
washkud?
Q. Yes.
A. He was an Indian. That is one of the sons of Mah Zawd.
Q. Did you know Wah-bo-je-ub?
A. Yes, sir, I used to see her.
Q. Who was her father?
A. I do not know the father.
Q. Was it Way-ah-ah-be-kang?
A. He might pass as the father, but he was not the real father.
His other children differ from this one.
Q. Was Wah-bo-je-ub light?
A. She was light.
Q. Would you call her a full blood Indian?
A. I would not say anything; only this old woman that I have
been talking about, I would say that, but I did not see
these two men.
Q. Wah-bo-jo-ub's mother's name was O-mah-ma-quince?
A. Yes, sir, I used to see her.
Q. Was she light, also?
A. The old lady was light.
Q. Did you ever hear whether she was considered a full blood
or a mixed blood by the Indians?
A. No, sir, her mother was called O-bish-ug-ke-quay, and her


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father was a Sioux. That's all I know.
Q. Wouldn't you say that Wah-bo-je-ub looked like a mixed blood?
A. I would not say that. I simply tell you how she ap-
peared to me, that she appeared light. I have heard that
she was described as having blue eyes but she did not appear
to me that way. If I had seen the blue eyes myself I would
have thought she was a mixed blood. I just tell that she
appeared to me as light.
Q. Did you know She-gah, the wife of Ke-che-min-o-ge-shig?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did she look like a mixed-blood?
A. No, she did not appear to me that way.
Q. Wasn't she light complected?
A. Yes, she was light. Some Indians are light, but she
was an Indian.
Q. Did you know her father?
A. No, sir, I know her mother.
Q. Did you know her mother?
A. No, sir,
And, of course, you didn't know any of her grandparents,
did you?
A. No, sir, I just saw the old lady. She was very old.
Q. Then, for anything that you know yourself, her grand-
father might have been a white man?
A. I wouldn't know. I believe that she was an Indian be-


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cause she had a dodaim. Indians have dodaims. Her dodaim
was the king fisher.
Q. When mixed bloods have lived a long while among the
Indians and lived as Indians, don't they have dodaims also?
A. No, sir, none of them have dodaims; except where a full-
blood Indian can marries a mixed blood woman, then the
children have dodaims.
Q. The children, then, would have the dodaim of the father,
wouldn't they?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Then if She-gah's father belonged to the king fisher do-
daim, she would have that dodaim, wouldn't she?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Her mother, She-gah's mother, might have been a half-
breed, and still if her father was an Indian she would have
the dodaim of her father, wouldn't she?
A. Yes, sir, the mother might have different dodaim, but
they don't follow. The children follow the dodaim of the
male line.
Q. Your father's brother's name was Ah-kah-kon-zhay-we-ne-
noooo, was it not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You used to see him often, didn't you? A. Yes, sir.
Q. Wasn't he lighter complected than your father?
A. Yes, sir, Ah-kah-kon-zhay-we-ne-ne-ce was darker.


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Q. Was darker then your father?
A. Yes, sir, my father was a little lighter than he.
Q. Didn't Ah-kah-kon-zhay-we-ne-neoce speak French, talk French?
A. Yes, sir, he spoke French. He was raised by French people.
When they were very small they became orphans, and they
were raised by French people for whatever service they ren-
dered, such as chopping wood, and in that way he learned
French.
Q. Where were they raised?
A. Near the Lake Superior country - this one was raised.
Q. The mother of Day-lodge and Ah-kah-kon-zhay-we-ne-neoce
was Nah-gway, was she not?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did you ever hear that Day-lodge and Ah-kah-kon-zhay-we-ne-
neece had different fathers?
A. No, sir, they had one father by the name of Gway-do-we.
Q. Do you remember the time when Mr. Morehead, who was
with the Indians?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You worked with Mr. Morehead all summer, didn't you?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. He was inquiring of the Indians then as to who were full
bloods and who were mixed bloods, wasn't he?
A. Yes, sir, that was his work - all those that he asked me.


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He could not have recorded any of those that were mixed
bloods, except the full bloods.
Q. I don't understand you. Did he ask you about any mixed
bloods?
A. Yes, sir, he used to ask me. He did not fight those
down.
Q. He was also asking the Indians about selling their lands,
wasn't he?
A. Yes, sir, he asked them.
Q. And didn't he tell them that if they were full bloods
they had no right to sell their land?
A. Yes, sir, that is what he told them.
Q. Did he not also tell the Indians at that time that if they
were full bloods they would be able to get their lands back?
A. I did not hear him to that effect.
Q. Did you not tell us at Fergus Falls two years ago that
Mr. Morehead made that statement to the Indians here?
A. They asked me that question, and I said the same thing -
no.
Q. Haven't you heard it told among the Indians here that if
they would be full bloods they could get their lands back?
A. I haven't heard that. If I heard that anywhere I would
tell it.
Q. Well, I believe that. Were there many mixed bloods living
among the Indians where you were when you were a young man?
A. Not very much. There were six mixed bloods over there.


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Q. Who were they?
A. One of them was Je-kaince; another one, Ay-gos; another
one was Sab-gut; another one;his-ab-bay, another one, Go-
shah-gun, another one, Ge-che-gaun-e-quabe, and then there
was a negro.
Q. Who were the negroes?
A. George Bungo.
Q. Wasn't Min-o-ge-shig living with you then?
A. Yes, he lived with us over here at Otter Tail.
Q. He was a mixed blood, wasn't he?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You didn't mention him a minute ago.
A. Well, that is over here, and then there is a different
place.
Q. The mixed bloods you were telling us about were over
around Leech Lake, weren't they?
A. Yes, those first ones were, and Min-o-ge-shig was over
here, around Otter Tail Lake.
Q. Were there any other mixed bloods living with you around
Otter Tail Lake?
A. I do not recall any other. Then some time later some
were came in and settled there.
I think that will be all. Thank-you.