2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, April 18, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today Sovereignty and the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of By Jill Doerfler tribes, not with persons of a particular race.” the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every Yet race or blood quantum is used by many three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the I would to start out with a brief introduction American Indian nations to determine tribal citi- AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not of myself. My name is Jill Doerfler. My mother, zenship so even though our relationship with the necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT Julie (Darco) Doerfler, is enrolled at White Earth U.S. government is political many of our nations staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the and works at the Shooting Star Casino. My father are based on race. One of the fundamental rights right to reject any advertising or materials submitted is Perry Doerfler and he works for Wild Rice of American Indian nations is to establish and for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, Electric. I was raised in Mahnomen and I have regulate tribal citizenship or enrollment. artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are been working on my Ph.D. in American Studies Citizenship is a critical issue for all nations subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis because citizens form the foundation of the libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision for the last six years. Much of what I have been nation. American Indian nations establish citi- of what is published in the AT and will not assume researching is the history of White Earth and zenship requirements and practices within their any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will how enrollment or citizenship has been regulat- constitutions. Nearly one-third of tribes populat- the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT ed in our constitution since the 1930s. ing the lower 48 states have rejected blood quan- will not guarantee publication of materials submitted I have discussed my research several times tum and instead use a variety of requirements past deadlines posted in the AT. on the NDN News program with Joe LaGarde including lineal descent or residency. The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal and Paul Schultz. Today, local schools are mak- patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is ing an effort to include White Earth history but The Minnesota Chippewa Tribe was estab- also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the most of us were not taught much of our own his- lished under the Indian Reorganization Act Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- tory in high school. As White Earth begins to (IRA) passed by Congress in 1934. The IRA was scribers within the United States. The newspaper is consider constitutional reform it is important for a limited effort by Congress to promote and sup- free to White Earth Nation members and costs $17 us all to be familiar with some basic principles so port and tribal art, culture, and government. The per year for non-members. we can make the best decisions for our families Act had provisions for tribes to organize and To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 and our nation. adopt constitutions and by-laws. MCT is an Ext. 1206. Fax: (218) 983-3641. American Indian tribes are sovereign inter-reservation government comprised of the nations. The sovereignty of tribes was never del- White Earth, Mille Lacs, Bois Fort (Nett Lake), Anishinaabeg Today egated to them by federal or state governments; Fond du Lac, Leech Lake, and Grand Portage White Earth Tribal Council it is an original and inherent power. Tribal sover- Reservations. A constitution is a set of rules and PO Box 418 eignty has several dimensions; first it has to do principles that govern a nation. It establishes the White Earth, MN 56591 with a tribe’s right to retain a measure of inde- structure, procedures, powers, and responsibili- pendence from outside entities. Second it relates ties of the government. Member of the to the power of the tribe to regulate internal The elected leaders of the MCT spent many Native American Journalist Association affairs, including the ability to make and enforce years during the 1940s-1950s discussing how and the Minnesota Newspaper Association laws, to impose and collect taxes and to create tribal citizenship should be regulated in the con- alliances and agreements with other govern- stitution. They passed several resolutions that Tribal Council/Editor ments. only required lineal descent; however, the Secretary of the Interior rejected these resolu- Erma J. Vizenor There are also cultural, spiritual, and intellec- tions. The MCT constitution has a provision, Chairwoman tual aspects of sovereignty. Lumbee scholar which states the Secretary of the Interior must Franklin “Bud” Heisler David Wilkins defines tribal sovereignty as “the approve all amendments. This gives the U.S. Secretary-Treasurer intangible and dynamic cultural force inherent in government a lot of control over our constitution a given indigenous community, empowering and government. Irene “Rene” Auginaush that body toward the sustaining and enhance- District I ment of political, economic, and cultural integri- In recent years, many tribes have removed Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts ty. It under grids the way that tribal governments the constitutional provision that the U.S. District II relate to their own citizens, to non-Indian resi- Secretary of the Interior must approve all consti- dents, to local governments, to the state govern- tutional changes from their constitutions Kenneth “Gus” Bevins ment, to the federal government, to the corporate because, as sovereign nations, they want sole District III world, and the global community.” control over their own constitutions. The elected Gary W. Padrta Many people do not realize the unique polit- leaders of the MCT did not want to use blood Editor ical status of American Indian tribes is not racial- quantum as a requirement for tribal citizenship ly based. In fact, American Indians are separate because they were concerned that their children from “minority” groups or “people of color” and grandchildren would be excluded under this Future Issues because of our political status as nations. rule. The BIA threatened to stop providing ser- American Indians are separate nations, not vices to the MCT if they did not use one-quarter Deadline Issue Date minorities. The United States negotiated treaties blood quantum for tribal citizenship. Under this May 2 May 9 with American Indian nations through the nine- pressure, the MCT adopted a one-quarter-blood teenth century and continues to negotiate vari- quantum requirement in 1961. The constitution May 23 May 30 ous agreements today. These treaties and politi- was amended to require one-quarter Minnesota cal agreements are not based on the racial status Chippewa blood. Citizenship within the MCT June 13 June 20 of American Indians but solely on political sta- has two levels, reservation or band and tribe. So tus, creating the basis for the nation-to-nation you have your citizenship in a specific reserva- July 3 July 11 relationship. Leading legal scholar Felix S. tion, say White Earth, but you are also a citizen Cohen has written, “In dealing with Indians, the of the MCT. July 25 Aug. 11 federal government is dealing with members or In future articles I will discuss these issues in descendants of political entities, that is, Indian more detail. 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, May 9, 2007 Chairwoman from Front Page Anishinaabeg Today wild rice. DNR will determine The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of 1. the current location and the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every acreage of natural wild rice. 2. three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the the potential threats to the nat- AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not ural wild rice, and 3. how to necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT protect and increase the acreage staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the of natural wild rice in the State. right to reject any advertising or materials submitted The second provision will for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, require an environmental artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are impact statement before any subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and planting of “wild rice” other libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision of what is published in the AT and will not assume than natural, native wild rice. any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will The environmental impact the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT statement will give an in depth will not guarantee publication of materials submitted look at any potential impact to past deadlines posted in the AT. natural, native wild rice. This The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal is a very expensive and lengthy patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is process for anyone to go also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the through who will want to do Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- genetic altering of native, nat- Submitted photo scribers within the United States. The newspaper is ural wild rice. John Sullivan, right, was one of several WE veterans who witnessed free to White Earth Nation members and costs $17 I am still working on secur- the Governor signing the Agriculture and Veterans Omnibus Bill. per year for non-members. ing the $50,000 for feasibility To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 study for the American Indian mittee has completed its work. celebration for the Carpentry Ext. 1206. Fax: (218) 983-3641. Juvenile Treatment Facility. We have the support of the class at Ojibwa/Detroit Lake The funding portion for White Governor for the $50,000 feasi- Technical College. Governor Anishinaabeg Today Earth is in the Health and bility study. Pawlenty sent his best regards White Earth Tribal Council Human Services bill which is in Unfortunately, I was not to us. Congratulations to the PO Box 418 conference committee. We will able to be present when Carpentry class graduates. I White Earth, MN 56591 not know the status of the Governor Pawlenty signed our am very proud of you. funds until the conference com- bills. I attended the graduation Member of the Native American Journalist Association and the Minnesota Newspaper Association A short history of Chippewa blood quantum By Jill Doerfler answers to either of those questions. Language Tribal Council/Editor and cultural knowledge are determined by how Since 1961, the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe we are raised and by what we choose to learn as Erma J. Vizenor has used a minimum of one-quarter Minnesota adults. Thus, many people believe that being Chairwoman Chippewa blood as the single determiner for eli- Anishinaabe is about much more than just blood Franklin “Bud” Heisler gibility for tribal citizenship. As discussed in the quantum – it is about respect, culture, and the Secretary-Treasurer last article the requirements for tribal citizenship way we live our lives. This is not something that are in our constitution. While many of us are can measured out into fractions. Irene “Rene” Auginaush familiar with the concept of blood quantum, peo- Assuming blood quantum is a real thing, District I ple rarely know the history of it. Let’s take a there are two basic ways to calculate it. One way Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts quick look at the what, how and why blood is through genealogy. If you parents know their District II quantum was initiated. Blood quantum was a blood quanta then you can figure out yours by scientific idea developed around 1900. European dividing theirs in half and then adding them Kenneth “Gus” Bevins Americans thought that your national or racial together. For example if your mother is 1/4 District III ancestry could be measured biologically. Blood “Minnesota Chippewa” and your father is 1/8 Gary W. Padrta quantum connects biology and politics together. then you would be 3/16. These fractions can get Editor Blood quantum presumes that all aspects of your quite complicated and it can also be difficult to national ancestry can be divided, will total 100 measure “blood” from newer nations. I saw a percent and the percentages will accurately woman on television recently discussing her Future Issues reflect cultural practices, knowledge and loyalty. ancestry. She said she was half Iraqi and half Let’s examine this idea more closely by com- American because her father was from Iraq and Deadline Issue Date paring the blood quantum of two people. her mother was “100 percent American.” I won- May 21 May 30 Person 1: 25 percent Anishinaabe, 50 per- dered what she meant by that and what and how cent French, 25 percent Norwegian. “American” blood could be measured. June 13 June 20 Person 2: 45 percent Anishinaabe, 35 per- The second way to determine blood quan- cent German, 20 percent French. tum is through physical tests. During the early July 3 July 11 What do these fractions tell us? Can we say 1900s many scientists and physical anthropolo- that Person 2, who is 45 percent Anishinaabe gists thought that because blood quantum was July 25 Aug. 11 speaks the Anishinaabe language better than a biological it could be determined through physi- Person 1 who is only 25 percent? Does Person 1 cal tests. At that time blood quantum was a new Aug. 15 Aug. 22 know more about Claude Monet’s paintings than Person 2? No, these fractions do not give us See Quantum Page 17 Wednesday, May 9, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today 17 Quantum from Page 2 idea and most Anishinaabeg did not know other populations. These tests do not give what theirs was –it would be similar to ask- tribally specific blood quanta. Like the phys- ing someone how much “Minnesotan” or ical tests preformed in the early 1900s, DNA “American” blood they have today. Or a bet- tests are not reliable. Many scientists now ter example might be: which haplotypes are believe that race and nationality are socially present in your mitochondrial DNA? The constructed categories that have little or no scientists and physical anthropologists also biological basis. thought that blood quantum directly related Finally, blood quantum has been used to physical features. For example, they by the federal government as a way to limit thought a person with dark skin always had the number of people legally recognized as more Minnesota Chippewa blood than a American Indian. As American Indians had person with lighter skin. In the 1910s anthro- children with other people and blood quan- pologists came to White Earth and exam- tum declined, the government hoped that all ined many people to figure out their blood American Indians would “disappear.” quantum. In addition to looking at skin Blood quantum racializes American Indian color, they took measurements of people’s identity and takes the focus off of political 1222 1st Street ~ Waubun heads and did a scratch test on their chests. status. American Indians are currently the Brothers and sisters who should have had most multiracially diverse group in the Daily Lunch Specials & Hand-Made Pizza‛s the same blood quantum were frequently United States. Extraordinarily high rates of found to have different ones if they did not intermarriage have resulted in declining Bingo on Mondays & Fridays @ 6 p.m. have the exact same color of skin, hair, or blood quantum for many American Indians Be Early! eyes. Though these ideas seem outrageous and Anishinaabeg excluding them from citi- to us now, at that time the findings were zenship within the Minnesota Chippewa Fridays WAMO Meat Raffle @ 5:30 p.m. considered scientific and legal. We know Tribe. Those eligible for tribal citizenship today that these tests did not prove anything within the White Earth Band of the Call (218) 473-2700 for Take Out but at the time the U.S. government used Minnesota Chippewa Tribe would increase Monday ~ Saturday 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. them to decide which allotment sales were if, for example, lineal descent were used legal. instead of one-quarter blood quantum. Sunday 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Today some are turning to DNA tests to If blood quantum does not directly Pappy‛s is a Smoke-Free Restaurant try and determine their blood quantum and reflect a persons cultural practices, beliefs or to “prove” they are American Indian. There political loyalties then we must consider are many Internet sites sell DNA home test why we continue to use it as the sole deter- kits. Basically you send them a DNA sam- miner of tribal citizenship. In the next article ple, often by swabbing the inside of your will discuss the importance of citizenship cheek, and for $100 (or more) they will test and how Anishinaabeg at White Earth your DNA for haplotypes that are common thought about identity prior to the introduc- among American Indians but also present in tion of the idea of blood quantum. 2007 Seamless Summer Food Program The Circle of Life School announces its participation in the federally funded Seamless Summer Food Program. Under the program, nutritious meals are provided to all chil- dren 18 years and under free of charge at the following site: Circle of Life School, 36274 County Hwy. 21, P.O. Box 447, White Earth, MN 56591 Breakfast: 8-9 a.m. (Monday through Friday) Lunch: Noon-1 p.m. (Monday through Friday) Meals Service Dates: June 4, 2007-June 29, 2007 Persons interested in receiving more information should contact: Circle of Life School, White Earth, MN 56591 Telephone: (218) 983-4180 or 983-3258 The Circle of Life School has participated in the Summer Food Program for 10 years and serves approximately 125 children per meal. In accordance with Federal law and the U.S. Department of Agriculture policy, this insti- tution is prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age, or disability. To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W., Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250- 9410 or call (800) 795-3272 or (202) 720-6382 (TTY). USDA is an equal opportunity Dispatch: (218) 983-3201 provider and employer. Cops Line: (218) 983-2677 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, May 30, 2007 Chairwoman - Erma J. Vizenor Anishinaabeg Today Recently, the Rainy River First Nations of The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of Canada hosted the White Earth Department of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every Natural Resources (DNR) and a group of White three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the Earth tribal members on their Reserve north of AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not Fort Francis, Ontario. The event was Fish Week necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT at Rainy River First Nations. staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the I had the wonderful opportunity to spend right to reject any advertising or materials submitted one day at Rainy River with our White Earth for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, DNR, spiritual elder George “Joe Bush” artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and Fairbanks, other elders, and youth. The rest of libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision the White Earth group spent three days at of what is published in the AT and will not assume Manitou Rapids, Rainy River First Nations. any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will We were treated very well by Rainy River the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT people. We toured their fish hatchery, participat- will not guarantee publication of materials submitted ed in spiritual sturgeon release ceremony on the past deadlines posted in the AT. Rainy River, toured their sawmill business, and Submitted photo The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal visited their ancient burial mounds. There were From left: Joe Hunter, Director – Sustainable patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is feasts and a pow-wow throughout our visit. Sturgeon Culture, Emo, Ontario; White Earth also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the Rainy River tribal leaders were also with us. Chairwoman Erma J. Vizenor; Chief Jim Leonard Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- Me-qwitch, Rainy River First Nations. – Rainy River First Nations, Ontario, Canada. scribers within the United States. The newspaper is The White Earth Tribe and Rainy River First White Earth Reservation for the stocking of stur- free to White Earth Nation members and costs $17 Nations have a partnership on sturgeon stocking geon in Round Lake and White Earth Lake. per year for non-members. of our lakes on the White Earth Reservation. I was present at the Feast of Fish and wild To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 Rainy River hatches the sturgeon, and White rice for our Rainy River partners held at Pine Ext. 1206. Fax: (218) 983-3641. Earth stocks our lakes with their fingerlings. Last October along with their spiritual lead- See Chairwoman Page 24 Anishinaabeg Today ers and elders, Rainy River First Nations came to White Earth Tribal Council PO Box 418 White Earth, MN 56591 Anishinaabeg Understandings of Identity in the 1910s By Jill Doerfler any amount of white blood, no matter how Member of the small. So, “mixed-blood” was legally a racial and Native American Journalist Association In the last article I explained how non- biological term that was not tied to culture. There and the Minnesota Newspaper Association Indians thought about identity during the early was an investigation in the 1910s during which 1900s. While blood quantum and racial under- many Anishinaabeg were asked questions about Tribal Council/Editor standings of identity were common among non- ancestry, blood quantum, and physical charac- Indians, American Indians had very different teristics so that the government could officially Erma J. Vizenor Chairwoman ideas at this time. In fact, Anishinaabeg at White decide who was a “mixed-blood.” Many Earth understood identity in a variety of ways Anishinaabeg insisted that they did not use the Franklin “Bud” Heisler that differed from racial identities pushed by the categories of “mixed-blood” and “full-blood” to Secretary-Treasurer federal government. define an individual’s identity or if they did use During the early 1900s White Earth was the the categories they insisted the designations Irene “Rene” Auginaush center of a national scandal due to fraudulent were cultural and not racial. District I and illegal sales of land allotments. In The White Several witnesses were confused by the Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts Earth Tragedy, Melissa Meyer carefully details the investigators use of the terms “mixed-blood” District II fraud and corruption at White Earth. Meyer and “full-blood” because racial categories based identifies the two primary political and cultural on biology did not make any sense to many of Kenneth “Gus” Bevins fractions at White Earth during this time as “con- the Anishinaabe witnesses. For example, Nah- District III servative” and “progressive.” She found that wak-coming-skunk a sixty-year-old woman Gary W. Padrta “conservative Anishinaabe bands located at a from Pine Point was called to testify. An investi- Editor distance from fur trade outposts maintained a gator asked, “It is the practice or custom among more subsistence-oriented way of life” while Indians to talk about blood relations of other progressives “participated more fully in the mar- Indians and to distinguish the mixed bloods Future Issues ket economy.” The conservative fraction would from the full bloods?” She said that she had eventually be known as “full-bloods” and the never heard of anything like that. Jack Rabbitt Deadline Issue Date progressives as “mixed-bloods.” It is important who was born at Ottertail Lake but moved to June 13 June 20 to note that these labels were reflective of cultur- White Earth around 1880 testified that it was not ally determined values and practices, not biolog- the practice of the tribal government to distin- July 3 July 11 ical or racial ancestry. guish between “full-bloods” and “mixed- During this time the federal government bloods.” Ah-nah-me-ay-gah-bow noted that July 25 Aug. 1 needed to determine who was “mixed-blood” as Anishinaabeg had not paid any attention to the legally defined by U.S. courts to decide which categories of “mixed-blood” and “full-blood” Aug. 15 Aug. 22 land sales were legal. Those who were “mixed- until very recently. He said, “. . we were foolish, blood” were allowed to sell their allotments but didn’t pay attention to things. I have heard said Sept.5 Sept. 12 “full-bloods” were not. U.S. courts ruled that See Identity Page 23 legally a “mixed-blood” was person who had Wednesday, May 30, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today 23 Identity from Page 2 In Memory that there was a French mixed-blood, --an this the practice of a mixed blood?” In this In Memory of Isabell Stewart English mixed-blood—just lately heard case not only could Shin-ow-waince not Aug. 24, 1926 to June 2, 2005 that.” The testimony of these Anishinaabeg recall the “lightness” of the person in ques- witnesses show us that the categories of tion he actually turned the question on the Mother, you’ve given so much through the years, in “mixed-blood” and “full-blood” were new investigator. These testimonies establish a so many wonderful ways. You’ve given such kindness and had been introduced by the U.S. gov- pattern of resistance and refusal to accept and comfort and cheer, such warmth and encouraging ernment. the racial and biological definitions of “full- praise. You’ve given your time and given your love, Investigators also asked many questions blood” and “mixed-blood” that the investi- and mother, in giving all these, you give so many bright about physical features, especially skin gators were pushing. moments to others and so many... dear memories. We color. Despite their attempts to make skin After his attempt to say he could not miss you, mom. color a primary factor in deciding if a person remember the skin color of Ke-che-o-dah- was a “mixed-blood,” Anishinaabe witness- num was not accepted by the investigators Your kids, es frequently noted that skin color varied Ain-due-e-geshig (Andrew Daily) took Gary, Russell, Charles, Sonny, Susie, Linda and Nancy and was not necessarily indicative an indi- another route to avoid using the terms the vidual’s racial ancestry. For example, Bay- investigators wanted. He was asked, “Was Jerome Gabriel Buckanaga bah-daung-ay-yaush did not correlate the Ke-che-o-dah-num, the second wife of Mah- “Son Buck” darkness of one’s skin with a specific degree no-me-ne-kay-zhe, a full-blood Indian?” He Dec. 31, 1962- June 5, 1995 of blood. He was asked, “Wasn’t she light answered, “I do not know, because she was complected? And replied, “Yes, she was an elder person than I am, and even some of It’s been 12 years since you left us behind. There has- light. Some Indians are light, but she was an her children were older than I was; I could n’t been a day gone by that we haven’t thought of you. Indian.” In this case Bay-bah-daung-ay- not tell who she was.” The investigator Remember son-we miss your smile and you playing the yaush’s use of the term Indian was a way of pushed him further, “You used to see her?” blues. You will always be in our memories and forever telling the investigators that the two cate- Ain-due-e-geshig replied, “Yes sir, I did see in our hearts. You will always will be missed and loved. gories of identity were Indian and non- her. You mean Ke-che-o-dah-num?” The Indian, not “mixed-blood” and “full-blood.” investigator tried again to get him to talk Love Mom (Sandy), Sisters (Carmen, Kim, & Kris) Investigators continued to press the wit- about Ke-che-o-dah-num’s skin color, “Yes. Nieces, Nephews, & Great-nephew (Kaden) nesses about the skin color of others but the Judging from her appearance, what would Anishinaabeg held firm that skin color alone you say she was?” Ain-due-e-geshig was not a way to establish if a person was a answered, “There are some Indians real dark “mixed-blood.” For example, when asked if and some not as the others, but she was a an individual was “pretty white” Mak-ah- medium shade—she was not very dark. I do Congratulations day-wub responded that he had “never not say that she was light or dark.” Ain-due- Congratulations to Mya King, an enrolled member of the taken particular notice” Refusing to answer e-geshig refused to use the simple categories White Earth Band for being selected as 2006 Razamataz the question was a way to show that Mak- of light and dark set forth by the investiga- Dancer of the Year for 1st, ah-day-wub did not think it was important tors, instead emphasizing the diversity of 2nd, and 3rd grade stu- or appropriate. When asked a similar ques- skin color that existed among the dents from the Razamataz tion Shin-ow-waince testified, “I could not Anishinaabeg. Dance Studio in Bemidji. say whether he was lighter than the others The next article will go into more detail Mya has performed many because it is so long ago. I cannot recollect. I about how Anishinaabeg at White Earth choreographed dance rou- used to see him swallow bones about that were thinking about identity by giving more tines throughout the year long (indicating) in his incantation for elim- examples from the testimonies taken in the with her Dance team. inating sickness among other fellow men. Is 1910s. Some of the places she per- formed were at Paul Conservation from Page 28 Bunyan Mall, Bemidji High School, and Eckles Town Rey was also enthusiastic about the cel- White Earth Tribal College. Hall all in Bemidji. Mya is lulosic ethanol project, noting that there is a The mission statement of the new con- finishing up 2nd grade at proposal in the 2007 Farm Bill that includes servation district, which was distributed at Lincoln Elementary. $2.1 billion in loan guarantees to help devel- Tuesday's ceremony, states: "There are sever- op the commercialized production of al reasons we have formed this conservation ethanol from "mixed cellulosic feed stocks." board. First is we are located within three Congratulations Polly and Marsha on earning your "We may someday be back here to cut different counties, which have existing soil Associates of Science Degree in Early Childhood! the ribbon on a new ethanol plant for the and water conservation districts that may or tribe," he said. may not be providing the necessary assis- The new White Earth Tribal tance or communication to the tribe on their Conservation District will have an elected set priorities." governing board that includes chairwoman The new tribal conservation district will Dawn Kier; vice chairman William Bement; not have a different set of priorities for each secretary/treasurer Leah Prussia, and oth- of the three counties: Rather, its priorities ers: Edward Snetsinger, pesticide coordina- will be the same for all parts of the reserva- tor; Curtis Bevins and Everett Goodwin III, tion. agriculture department; Leslie Fain, One of its biggest priorities, according to Anishinaabe Center; Earl and Kathy the mission statement, will be "to raise Hoagland, Sah-Kah-Tay Indigenous awareness of the natural resources we have, Preservation Society; and Stephanie and how to preserve them for generations to Williams, USDA Extension agent for the come." - Detroit Lakes Newspapers 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, June 20, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today Part IV The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of More 1910s Anishinaabeg Conceptions of Identity the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the By Jill Doerfler Day-dah-bah-saush understood that the investi- AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not gators used biological ancestry to determine if necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT In this article I will give more examples of the someone was a “full-blood” or a “mixed-blood” staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the diverse ways that Anishinaabeg at White Earth he refused to use their definitions. right to reject any advertising or materials submitted thought about identity during the 1910s using the Another example is the testimony of Aysh- for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, same interviews as the last article. Again, it is quay-gwon-ay-beak who was questioned about artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are important to note that there was not one way to the identity of O-dah-yah-je-o-quaince. The inves- subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and determine identity. As the testimonies show, there tigator asked, “Your statement that she had noth- libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision were a variety of systems and social regulations ing but Indian blood is based upon the fact that of what is published in the AT and will not assume that Anishinaabeg used to determine who was a she looked and lived like an Indian, isn’t that any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will citizen and who was not. These systems were not true?” Aysh-quay-gwon-ay-beak answered, “Yes, the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT perfect and there were disagreements and power sir.” The investigator continued, “If she had a will not guarantee publication of materials submitted struggles. However, Anishinaabeg were in control small amount of white blood, coming from (her) past deadlines posted in the AT. of these systems and they worked out conflicts or grandfather or grandmother, you would not The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal agreed to disagree, as was their sovereign right. know anything about it, would you, unless it patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is Many Anishinaabeg avoided questions about showed in her face?” Aysh-quay-gwon-ay-beak also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the blood quantum and testified that life ways deter- replied, “No, I would not know anything about Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- mined if someone was a “an Indian.” For exam- it.” The interviewer tries to discredit Aysh-quay- scribers within the United States. The newspaper is ple, Day-dah-bah-saush, a 67 year old raised at gwon-ay-beak’s assertion that O-dah-yah-je-o- free to White Earth Nation members and costs $17 Ottertail Lake, testified that he understood that a quaince was a full-blood based on physical char- per year for non-members. “full-blood” was a person with wholly Indian acteristics. The investigator refocuses the question To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 blood. But during further questioning when around physical characteristics and suggests that Ext. 1206. Fax: (218) 983-3641. asked if Min-o-ge-shig was a “full-blood” Indian O-dah-yah-je-o-quaince’s physical features might he answered, “He was an Indian. He had a not reveal that she had a white ancestor(s). Aysh- Anishinaabeg Today breech-cloth.” So even though Day-dah-bah- quay-gwon-ay-beak left little choice but to admit White Earth Tribal Council saush understood that the investigators had that if O-dah-yah-je-o-quaince’s appearance did PO Box 418 defined “full-blood” as a racial term he avoided not reveal her ancestry then she would not know White Earth, MN 56591 their question by saying that Min-o-ge-shig was if O-dah-yah-je-o-quaince had any white ances- “an Indian” by cultural standards. Likewise, he tors or not. Member of the testified that Way-sho-wush-ko-gwan-ay-be-quay The investigators often played both sides Native American Journalist Association was an Indian because of lifestyle choices, not racial ancestry or blood quantum. Even though See Identity Page 17 and the Minnesota Newspaper Association Tribal Council/Editor Vizenor calls for the resignation of Gonzales Erma J. Vizenor Editor’s Note: This Op/Ed article was originally Indian Country. Chairwoman send out to media outlets throughout the region on Apparently, Attorney General Gonzales May 29. believed Tom Heffelfinger and his subcommittee Franklin “Bud” Heisler devoted too much time to public safety on Indian Secretary-Treasurer My name is Erma J. Vizenor, the Chairwoman Reservations, an attitude that I find disgraceful, Irene “Rene” Auginaush of the White Earth Nation of Ojibwe Indians, the unjust, and appalling to Indian tribes. District I largest tribe in Minnesota. At a May 17, 2007 hearing on law enforce- I call for the immediate resignation of ment in Indian Country before the Senate Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, U.S. Committee on Indian Affairs, W. Patrick District II Department of Justice. Ragsdale, Bureau of Indian Affairs, testified that Kenneth “Gus” Bevins The mishandling of justice in the firing of more than half of Indian law enforcement opera- District III eight U.S. Attorneys by Alberto Gonzales has a tions are understaffed while providing services to devastating effect on public safety on the White a population largely with high unemployment Gary W. Padrta Earth Indian Reservation. As the scandal unfolds, rates and a lack of municipal infrastructure. Editor it becomes obvious to me that the Department of The shortfall in resources and enabling condi- Justice under Alberto Gonzales demonstrates an tions on the Reservation add up to "extreme anti-Native American position. shortcomings of the criminal justice systems in Future Issues Five of the fired attorneys served on the sub- Indian Country... For many of the 1.6 million citi- Deadline Issue Date committee assigned to Native American issues in zens who live on or near Indian Reservations, life the Justice Department. Former Minnesota U.S. has become much more violent," stated Ragsdale. July 3 July 11 Attorney Tom Heffelfinger managed the subcom- Federal funds and resources are at an all time mittee from 2002 to 2005. He was on the list for low on the White Earth Indian Reservation as a July 25 Aug. 1 dismissal before his resignation in February 2006. $600 billion war rages on. We need the Tom When Tom Heffelfinger resigned, the White Heffelfingers. Aug. 15 Aug. 22 Earth tribe lost a hard working, dedicated leader The real victims of injustice, most likely for public safety on our Reservation, a large, because of an indifferent Attorney General, and Sept. 5 Sept. 12 rural, economically depressed area in northern the failure of the federal trustees in fulfilling their Minnesota. Mr. Heffelfinger was an unwavering trust responsibility, are the Native Americans. Sept. 26 Oct. 3 advocate for more federal funds and better pro- Goodbye, Attorney General Alberto grams to combat the increasing crime rates in Gonzales. Wednesday, June 20, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today 17 White Earth Head Start offering ECFE Fun Week during summer The White Earth Head Start ECFE program will be offering two fun- weeks with children who will turn age 3 before Sept. 1. The children will be doing some fun math, science and art activities that are developmentally appropriate for their age. Open Monday - Friday: 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. The centers will be decided were there is the most applicants. Please fill out the following form and return to White Earth Head Open Saturday: 8 a.m. - Noon Start Program, Attention Carolyn Williams, ECFE Coordinator by “FREE DELIVERY” Thursday, June 28, or call (218) 983-3285 Ext. 1418. Please leave a mes- sage if no one answers. I am interested in sending my child to: (Please circle one) Naytahwaush White Earth Rice Lake Mahnomen Waubun Name of child and birth date:_____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Parent/guardian:________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Phone number:__________________________________________________ Directions to home: _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Identity from Page 2 when asked about the color of hair and skin people The flexible nature of lifestyle had a significant their values and beliefs. The federal government had to help establish if they were a “full-blood” or impact on Anishinaabe understandings of identity. ultimately refused to accept the multiple, fluid “mixed-blood.” Sometimes they would emphasize In one case, Ke-zhe-waush was questioned about understandings of Anishinaabe identity and insist- that an individual was light skinned as a way to the blood quantum of her husband. She asserted, ed that it was biological ancestry that determined a assert that person was a “mixed-blood” but on “He was a full-blood. He made himself a full- person’s identity. As I mentioned in a previous other occasions they would hint that a person was blood.” The investigator asked, “You mean he article, they hired physical anthropologists to come a “mixed-blood” even though that individual made himself a full-blood by living like the Indians to White Earth to give examinations, including “looked” Indian. For example, Gay-bay-yah-bun- live?” She answered, “Yes, sir, he did not even take head measurements and hair tests, to decide who dung said that he did not remember how Ah-she- a paper to sign as a mixed-blood.” Ke-zhe-waush’s was a “mixed-blood” and who was a “full-blood.” gun-wae looked but considered him a “full-blood” testimony is important because it clearly demon- Anishinaabeg at White Earth in the early 20th regardless. Gay-bay-yah-bun-dung’s refusal to strates that biological ancestry was not the prima- century had complex identities tied to religion, remember the way Ah-she-gun-wae looked left no ry factor for Anishinaabeg in determining if a per- economics, family, and lifestyle. There was no sin- room for the investigators to try and assert Ah-she- son was a “full-blood” or “mixed-blood.” She also gle system for determining who was a part of the gun-wae was a “mixed-blood” because of physical directly associates being a “mixed-blood” with community and who was not. More importantly features. “signing of paper,” which is a reference to land the Anishinaabeg maintained their identity as they The testimony continued: sale. From her perspective, her husband was a adapted to new ways of life at White Earth. Investigator: You mean by that that he lived in “full-blood” because he did not sell his land. If he Identity was flexible and depended on the choices this community of Indian, just like the other had she would have thought he was a “mixed- of individuals. Ultimately, little was agreed upon Indians; isn’t that true? blood.” except that rigid racial designations of “mixed- Gay-bay-yah-bun-dung: I just considered that The testimonies show that the Anishinaabeg blood” and “full-blood” pushed by U.S. govern- he didn’t have no other blood but the Indian blood. did not simply accept the definitions of “full- ment investigators were unacceptable and in direct That is all. blood” and “mixed-blood” created by the federal conflict with all Anishinaabeg understandings of Investigator: Why did you so consider him,-- government. Anishinaabeg continued to use their identity. simply because he was living here with the other own definitions even though they demonstrate a Indians, like the rest? clear awareness of U.S. government’s racial appli- As we consider how to regulate tribal citizen- Gay-bay-yah-bun-dung: Yes, that is the only cation of these terms. In doing so, they asserted ship today it is important for us to know how pre- way I thought of;--I never thought of anything else. their right to define people in accordance with vious generations thought about identity. 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, July 11, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today Part V The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of Responsibilities and importance of tribal citizenship the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the By Jill Doerfler without a strong citizenry there cannot be a AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not strong nation. Citizens have both rights and necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT I recently spent some time at home visiting responsibilities. Many people tend to focus on the staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the family and friends. It was fun to catch up with rights or “benefits” of citizenship but responsibil- right to reject any advertising or materials submitted everyone! I am pleased to hear that many of you ities are equally important. The responsibility to for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, are enjoying the article series. I introduced myself participate in tribal government through voting artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are in the first article but want to do so again for is a fundamental aspect of citizenship. There is subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and those that might have missed it or joined the nothing more important than electing honest, libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision series late. Also remember that you can read back capable, and competent leaders because they will of what is published in the AT and will not assume issues at www.whiteearth.com - just click on the make many important decisions for the nation any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will “Anishinaabeg” tab at the top. that impact everyone. Other responsibilities the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT My name is Jill Doerfler. My mother is Julie include: respecting the rights of others and obey- will not guarantee publication of materials submitted (Darco) Doerfler. She is enrolled at White Earth ing laws enacted by the government. past deadlines posted in the AT. and she is the Employee Relations Liaison at the Constructive criticism combined with the will- The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal Shooting Star Casino. My father is Perry Doerfler ingness to work to create an improved govern- patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is and he is employed as a lineman with Wild Rice ment and civic life is also a significant responsi- also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the Electric. I grew up just outside Mahnomen and bility of citizens. Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- graduated from Mahnomen High School in 1997. Citizens carry a responsibility to work togeth- scribers within the United States. The newspaper is I completed my undergraduate degree in History er to create a healthy and vibrant nation. The free to White Earth Nation members and costs $17 and American Indian Studies from the University vision statement of the White Earth Tribal per year for non-members. of Minnesota-Morris in 2001. I am currently a Council is found at www.whiteearth.com and To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 Ph.D. candidate in American Studies at the states: “The White Earth Tribal Council will be a Ext. 1206. Fax: (218) 983-3641. University of Minnesota and plan to complete proactive organization that makes sound deci- my dissertation later this summer. My disserta- sions promoting mino-bimahdiziwin (the good Anishinaabeg Today tion looks at Anishinaabeg ways of understand- life). The White Earth Reservation will be a safe White Earth Tribal Council ing identity and explores how tribal citizenship place where all people have access to quality PO Box 418 has been regulated. This series of articles is based employment, housing, education, health and White Earth, MN 56591 on the research I have done for my dissertation. human services. While we protect our inherent The articles are meant to give some history and right to self-governance and identity, we are a Member of the introduce ideas for discussion as we consider community of respect where cultural, historical, Native American Journalist Association constitutional reform including the requirements and environmental assets are treasured and con- and the Minnesota Newspaper Association for tribal citizenship. Citizenship is an important served for future generations.” Tribal citizens issue and needs to be considered very carefully. See Citizenship Page 18 Tribal Council/Editor Citizens form the foundation of a nation, Erma J. Vizenor Chairwoman The poor Indians pay for the success of the rich Franklin “Bud” Heisler John F. Kennedy said that the American tastic success of some gaming tribes is setting the Secretary-Treasurer Indian is the least understood and the most mis- agenda for all Indian tribes and it is making the understood of all Americans. I believe that with very poor tribes the victims of the success of the Irene “Rene” Auginaush District I the disparities now so apparent in Indian coun- rich tribes. Who would have ever thought they try, that description by JFK takes on an entirely would see such a dichotomy in Indian country Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts new meaning. even 20 years ago? District II Headlines in many newspapers recently In the Lakota language there is a word one announced that Indian casinos had brought in a hears quite often these days and that word is Kenneth “Gus” Bevins District III record $25 billion dollars last year. What they did "onsika" (pronounced oon-she-ka) and it means not say is that on reservations such as the Navajo, poor, destitute or miserable, but as with many Gary W. Padrta Rosebud, Pine Ridge, Crow Creek, Blackfeet and words in the Lakota language it also can mean to Editor Crow, unemployment is as high as 50 to 80 per- humble oneself to another, to act in a humble cent. That the average income is less than $5,000 way, or to have mercy on those who have noth- annually. That the average life span is about 55 ing. All of these definitions could describe the Future Issues years of age. That the infant mortality rate is three present conditions of the Lakota people. times the national average. That on some reserva- We say that we are all in the same boat so Deadline Issue Date tions the diabetes epidemic claims 50 percent of although many have very little, it is still their July 25 Aug. 1 the total reservation population. That many duty to help those who have even less. That was homes are without electricity or indoor plumb- true in all of Indian country prior to 1988 when Aug. 15 Aug. 22 ing. That there is such a need for housing that gaming was legalized on Indian reservations, but some of the available homes house as many as that is not the case today. One rich tribe, the Sept. 5 Sept. 12 three families. Mohegan, just purchased a golf course for $4.5 But nowadays the average American reads million. Another tribe, the Seminole, just bought Sept. 26 Oct. 3 about the $25 billion raked in by the rich casino the Hard Rock Cafe and Resorts for a billion dol- tribes last year and shrugs it off with distaste, lars. Oct. 17 Oct. 24 probably with some envy and not without a little anger at all Indian tribes. In other words, the fan- See Onsika Page 17 18 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, July 11 2007 Citizenship from Page 2 need to consider both individually and col- erty from being controlled by non-Indians. lectively how to best participate in support- However, there are cases when a parent is ing the vision statement. enrolled but their children are not and so the American Indians have a unique identity lease must leave the family when the parent that is not like that of “minority” groups. passes away. This also impacts couples American Indian identity is based on politi- where on person is enrolled but the other is cal status not on race. You must be a citizen not. When the enrolled spouse passes away of a tribe that is recognized by the United the lease cannot go to the unenrolled spouse. States or you not legally an Indian. There are During the 1940s and 1950s elected lead- many rights and laws that apply specifically ers of the White Earth and the Minnesota to American Indians. Chippewa Tribe had many discussions about For example, it is illegal for Americans to tribal citizenship and what the requirements have eagle feathers and there are strict fines should be. They knew this was a very impor- given to anyone who is caught with an eagle tant issue and that their decision would feather but there is an exception for impact future generations. American Indians. American Indians are The right of the MCT to govern citizen- allowed to have eagle feathers because of ship regulations is established in the consti- their religious importance. In order for this tution; however, there were no definite poli- law to apply a person must be a citizen of a cies or procedures governing the citizenship tribe. Another area where legal identity is process in the original constitution. So, in the important is the sale of art or craft items. The late 1930s the Bureau of Indian Affairs asked Indian Arts and Crafts Act makes it crime for the MCT to pass an amendment that would a person who is not legally an American explain the exact requirements for tribal citi- Indian to sell their art as “Indian made.” zenship. Again there are strict fines if a person who is not a tribal citizen is caught selling their art The BIA suggested that the MCT use a as “Indian made.” This law was intended to certain degree of blood or residency on the prevent fraud and cheap imitation art made reservation or both as requirements for tribal Kent & Becky Estey overseas from flooding the market but it also citizenship. Most elected leaders did not 218-935-2864 has consequences for unenrolled American agree with the suggestions of the BIA, they bestpomshealth.com Indians. These are just two examples of why thought that if at least one of a person’s par- Ind. Field Rep #40051464 the legal part of American Indian identity is ents was enrolled they should be able to so important. enroll. Today we would call this policy lineal Tribal citizenship is also very important descent and many tribes currently use this Mahube Community Council, Inc. has an immediate local issues such as leased land and employ- system. Tribal leaders repeatedly noted that opening for a part-time (24 hours/week) Clerical Support ment. White Earth practices equal opportu- family was the most important consideration person. nity employment with Indian preference. when decided tribal citizenship require- Applicants are given a certain number of ments. They felt that family relationships TITLE: Clerical Support points for various qualifications including were more important than blood quantum or QUALIFICATIONS: Post High School Degree/ education and experience. Applicants who living on the reservation. Certificate in a secretarial related field and one to three are enrolled are given highest priority with years of appropriate experience; or an equivalent combi- descendants’ next and then non-Indians. The next two articles will give a lot of nation of education or experience; or a demonstrated capa- This policy is designed to ensure that our detail about what the leaders said about the bility to perform the job duties. Must have proficient skills own people are given priority. Also issue of tribal citizenship. William “Bill” in use of computer hardware and software, including lakeshore property is only leased to enrolled Anywaush from White Earth was quite out- Corel and Microsoft. citizens. This important policy was meant to spoken on the issue and I will share his ideas keep valuable and beautiful lakeshore prop- along with those of several others. BASIC FUNCTIONS: This position is responsible for providing clerical support for the Family Development/ Housing Programs. Must have the ability to recognize and Students from Front Page maintain confidentially of client information and work materials. Ability to follow oral and written directives, and components that go into making a kid suc- in the country,” said Brent Gish, Red Lake an ability to meet and communicate tactfully and effec- cessful and turning them into a productive interim superintendent, and former tively with the public. Must posses strong organizational, citizen,” said Boyd Bradbury, departing Mahnomen superintendent and teacher. “It’s clerical and communication skills. Waubun-Ogema-White Earth superinten- going to mean an awful lot of work, but I dent and soon-to-be MSUM professor. think it’s groundbreaking.” To Make Application Contact: The study will use demographic data, Bradbury and Gish came up with the Mahube Community Council, Inc. test scores, surveys and interviews. idea in discussing ways to boost student P.O. Box 747 “Ultimately what we need to find is achievement. Detroit Lakes, MN 56502-0747 which factors out there impact achievement The study will focus on children and 218-847-1385 negatively or positively,” Bradbury said. applicable services from birth through post- email: ahaugrud@mahube.org “Too often we try quick-fix type items with- secondary education. Preliminary findings out taking a look to see what the actual are expected in 12 months with a final report Closing Date For Applications: issues are.” within 24 months. The group will then create a set of rec- Costs are estimated at $140,000. Monday, July 16, 2007 - 4:30 p.m. ommendations. Organizers are looking into funding options. Equal Opportunity Employer “It has the potential to be a model for The study should start by September. - The other geographic areas in the state as well as Forum 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, August 1, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today Part VI The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of MCT addresses the citizenship question in the 1940s the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the By Jill Doerfler ment implies that the MCT had a responsibility AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not to current citizens and future generations. necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT Elected leaders of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribal citizenship remained an important staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the Tribe took the question of tribal citizenship regu- issue. Mr. Rogers began the discussion on citi- right to reject any advertising or materials submitted lations very seriously. They knew that their deci- zenship at a MCT meeting in May of 1941. He for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, sion would impact the nation and their families. noted that the question of how citizenship artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are Tribal citizenship was discussed on several occa- should be regulated had come up for the last five subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and sions during Tribal Executive Committee (TEC) years. Based on their previous discussion Rogers libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision meetings during the 1940s and the minutes from drafted some regulations. He explained, “These of what is published in the AT and will not assume these meetings often contain an excellent level of rules throw the gate wide open. Any descen- any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will detail. During this time there was a system of dents of the original members who were entitled the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT Tribal Delegates in addition to the TEC. Each to enrollment under the treaty or agreement of will not guarantee publication of materials submitted reservation had a specific number of Tribal 1889 are entitled to enrollment. These rules pro- past deadlines posted in the AT. Delegates, which was in proportion to its popu- vide that any descendent, no matter what degree The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal lation, because populations changed so did the of blood he possesses or where he lives, or where patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is number of delegates but often there was a total he is born, so long as he can prove that he is a also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the of about forty. Resolutions had to pass both the descendent or issue of one of the original fami- Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- TEC and the Tribal Delegates, similar to the way lies, is entitled to enrollment under these regula- scribers within the United States. The newspaper is the House and Senate system works in the U.S. tions. . . We want to enroll everybody who is free to White Earth Nation members and costs $17 government. entitled to enrollment. We didn’t consider the per year for non-members. At a TEC meeting in May of 1940, Mr. Broker quantum of Indian blood, nor we didn’t consid- To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 noted that the United States government had set er the place where they were born or where they Ext. 1206. Fax: (218) 983-3641. the standard of a minimum of one-fourth Indian lived.” blood for their services. According to Broker the After the presentation the discussion contin- Anishinaabeg Today MCT often approved loans that were later ued and William “Bill” Anywaush from White White Earth Tribal Council denied by the BIA because the person did not Earth shared his views on the issue. He spoke in PO Box 418 meet the blood quantum minimum. Bill Morrell, Anishinaabe but it was translated by Shingobe White Earth, MN 56591 from the Leech Lake reservation, believed that and recorded in English. Anywaush began, everyone with Indian blood should have the “Friends and Relatives – The reason I say ‘rela- Member of the same privileges. He urged the Tribal Executive tive’ is that you are Indian and so am I.” By not- Native American Journalist Association Committee to be “guided by the love of children, ing that they were all both friends and relatives and the Minnesota Newspaper Association your little grandchildren, even they are mixed- Anywaush was highlighting their unity and bloods.” Morrell’s comment is reflective of a responsibility to each other. He believed they Tribal Council/Editor communal focus and attention to the future of were dealing with a “very dangerous” issue the nation. He recognizes the reality that a grow- because of the implications it would have on Erma J. Vizenor ing portion of the younger generations were future generations. He went on to note, “There Chairwoman racially “mixed-bloods” and was aware that was never in the past any mention of drawing Franklin “Bud” Heisler many of them would be ineligible for tribal citi- any line; relationship was the only thing that was Secretary-Treasurer zenship if a blood quantum requirement was considered in the past. Even though the child instituted. He did not want them to be excluded Irene “Rene” Auginaush from the MCT because of race. Morrell’s com- See Citizenship Page 16 District I Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts District II Please use your new prescription numbers for refills Dear Pharmacy customers: thank you for requesting a refill. Only use the numbers. *** Kenneth “Gus” Bevins your patience during all the recent changes in the In the next step of the electronic health record District III pharmacy. As you probably know, the White your doctor will be ordering your medications Gary W. Padrta Earth Health Center is changing over to an elec- directly on the computer into the pharmacy. Editor tronic healthcare record. We are continuing to Please be patient with your doctor as this will be move forward on this project to improve your a new process for him/her. In the near future healthcare. this means shorter waiting times at the pharma- Future Issues From this point forward only use your cy because your order will arrive complete, easy- newest prescription numbers for requesting to-read, and ready to be filled. No more lost Deadline Issue Date refills; the old ones given to you before charts! Please continue to check in at the phar- Aug. 15 Aug. 22 December 2006 no longer work. We are trying to macy after you see the doctor or to pickup your get everyone their new numbers by giving them refills so we can register you and shorten your Sept. 5 Sept. 12 to you during refill and new prescription pickup. waiting time as much as safely possible. If you receive more than one prescription they Sept. 26 Oct. 3 will look like a small booklet of receipts stapled Respectfully, together. Please hang onto these until you get a Oct. 17 Oct. 24 new one. If you do not know your new numbers Commander Sam Foster, we can print a medication list for you and high- U.S. Public Health Service, Nov. 7 Nov. 14 light them. Your new number might have a letter Chief Pharmacist after it. ***Please do not use the letter when White Earth Health Center 16 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, August 1, 2007 Attention land owners, land Citizenship from Page 2 renters and tribal land users had very little Indian blood, in considering day there might not be anyone with enough relationship, he was still an Indian. One “blood” and the MCT would be, so to speak, The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has thing that these old folks over there urged “extinct.” The meeting continued and technical and/or financial assistance programs available to me to do was to have mercy on my Indian Anywaush spoke up again to repeat that “all assist with a variety of natural resource problems. people. Don’t ever, as long as you live, dis- due caution should be taken for the sake of More specifically, there are numerous conservation prac- criminate against your fellow Indians.” the children who would live after the dele- tices and technical resources offered by NRCS that aim to Anywaush appeals to the MCT to use fami- gates.” According to the minutes he also solve natural resource problems, including soil erosion, ly as the way to determine if an individual “begged the delegates to be careful that they impaired water quality, degraded wildlife habitat, native should be able to become a tribal citizen, did not tie a knot which their children and grass and tree plantings, grazing systems, wetland restora- noting that this is what the “old folks” want. grandchildren could not untie.” tions, invasive species control and soils interpretations to He reminds MCT members of their respon- Anywaush’s strong conviction that future name a few. sibilities both to children and to elders. In generations must be taken into considera- If you are a land owner, land renter or tribal land user addition, he declares that they had never tion was unwavering. Several others noted who is interested in addressing or learning more about a nat- used blood quantum before, implying that it that this was a very important decision and ural resource concern, but you don’t know where to go, start goes against Anishinaabe values, and using it was not to be taken lightly. by contacting the NRCS. it would discriminate against their “fellow To find out more about the NRCS please visit your local Indians.” Finally after several years of discussions United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Service At the July meeting Anywaush spoke in a resolution on tribal citizenship was passed Center, or call Dusty Jasken, NRCS – White Earth English but was equally vocal and “earnest- on July 26, 1941. It required only lineal Reservation Tribal Liaison at (218) 573-3842. NRCS is an ly requested the delegates . . . to seriously, descent from the Act of January 14, 1889 Equal Opportunity Employer and Provider. carefully and fully consider the matter requiring that those wishing to apply for cit- before them considering its seriousness to izenship “file a birth certificate or other sup- them and their children, not be hasty in any- porting evidence which will make it possible Charles W. LaDue thing they did concerning it.” He went on to say, “the White Earth people felt that the for the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe and the Consolidated Chippewa Agency to definite- Indian people would be endangered unless ly established the fact that said issue is right- Attorney at Law extreme care were exercised in passing these fully eligible for said enrollment.” The reso- rules.” Again Anywaush emphasized that lution passed easily 10 to 0 among the TEC (White Earth Enrollee) great caution must be taken on this impor- and 35 to 12 among the Tribal Delegates but Personal Injury Insurance tant issue because their children would be was rejected by the Secretary of the Interior. impacted. His use of the word “endangered” The MCT was sent back to the drawing Call Toll Free 1-866-784-6384 is powerful because it really effectively board. This was very disappointing to MCT Coon Rapids, MN describes the effects of a blood quantum leaders who had worked hard to create a cit- requirement – fewer and fewer izenship requirement that honored past tra- GAAWAABAABIGANIKAAG GABEGIKENDAASOWIGAMIG Anishinaabeg would likely be eligible for ditions and future generations. tribal citizenship under this system. The The next article will examine the MCT’s White Earth Tribal and Community College word “endangered” also implies that one following steps and resolutions. Is seeking one or more full-time Instructors in these areas: Testimony from Page 3 Psychology History Sociology Math Band would count as much as thirty times begrudge them their right to hold opinions more than membership at White Earth for at variance with ours. We support their right Must have a Master’s degree or better in area of instruction. settlement purposes. The Nelson Act to express their objection on a government Settlement was for damages to all non-Red to government basis in any available forum. Submit Letter of Interest, Resume, and Transcripts to Lake Chippewa Indian in Minnesota. The That is the nature and value of sovereignty. Detemikinaak value of that settlement should be used for Most of all, we hope for healing among Academic & Student Services Dean all these Indian beneficiaries equally. Any these Tribes and a future that focuses on our WETCC other way of division would simply offend shared history, rather than our current dis- P.O. Box 478 the spirit of the Settlement Act, and funda- agreements. Mahnomen, MN 56557 mental notions of fairness and equity. Mii Gwitch We have documented our position For more information contact Detemikinaak (Nyleta exhaustively in the past. We are providing Belgarde) at (218) 935.0417 Ext. 112 or you here today with fresh copies of all of our 4th Annual Wisdom Steps nbelgarde@wetcc.org testimony on this subject. In addition, we are Golf Tournament providing you with a copy of our detailed Equal Opportunity Employer with Indian Preference Fond du Lac Black Bear Golf Course rebuttal to the detailed objections the TEC Friday, August 24, 2007 forwarded to the members of the Minnesota delegation to Congress. I will not take up Jim Beaupreʼs Used Autos any more of your time rehashing each argu- Individual player $100 Dinner only - $25 3318 US Hwy 59 ~ Waubun ~ 473-2332 ~ (Cell) 204-0544 ment, as frankly, the issue has moved on to the next stage. Corporate sponsors needed. I would like to once again thank you for 2002 Buick LeSabre your assistance in this matter, and express For more information call Verna Brown Mileage: 78,170 my Council's regret that this issues has led toll free at 1-888-231-7886 $9,500 to such disagreement among the Tribes ‘Bank financing available’ gathered here today. We fully respect the “Lots of prizes and special fun contests” sovereign rights of our relatives, and do not 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, August 22, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today Part VII The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every MCT holds strong against the use blood quantum three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the By Jill Doerfler Indian when they passed this resolution. They AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not were also asserting their right to determine trib- necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT Despite pressure from the BIA and the rejec- al citizenship over that of the Consolidated staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the tion of several resolutions requiring lineal Chippewa Agency and the Secretary of the right to reject any advertising or materials submitted descent for tribal citizenship the MCT seemed to Interior. for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, have no intention of limiting tribal citizenship The TEC continued to find an answer to the artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are based on a racial requirement. In June 1948 they question of tribal citizenship. On Dec. 9, 1948, subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and stood up to the Consolidated Chippewa TEC minutes note a “lengthy discussion of libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision Agency’s use of blood quantum, passing a reso- enrollment” that seems to have went on for at of what is published in the AT and will not assume lution insisting that all “Chippewa Indians” be least a couple of hours but unfortunately, in this any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will treated as such by the Consolidated Chippewa case, no details were recorded. The meeting con- the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT Agency. The resolution stated: tinued and two days later the Tribal Executive will not guarantee publication of materials submitted NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that Committee unanimously passed a new resolu- past deadlines posted in the AT. we insist that all Chippewa Indians entitled to tion relating to tribal citizenship. The resolution The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal enrollment under the provisions of the Act of stated, “Indians not now enrolled as members of patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is 1889 and their issue, regardless of marital status, the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, if able to so also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the degree of blood or place of birth been entitled to prove shall be enrolled if he or she is a descen- Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- and be given all the rights, benefits and privi- dant of a member of the Tribe” provided both scribers within the United States. The newspaper is leges incident to and given to all regular enrolled Tribal Delegates and the Secretary of the Interior free to White Earth Nation members, but costs $17 Indians now on such rolls of the Consolidated approved the resolution. The tribal delegates per year for non-members. Chippewa Agency at Cass Lake, Minnesota and unanimously passed the resolution on May 21, To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 that in particular this policy be applied and fol- 1949. The Secretary of the Interior, William Ext. 1206 ~ Email: today@whiteearth.com ~ Fax: lowed with respect to medical and hospital care Warne, rejected the resolution on Dec. 9, 1949 (218) 983-3641. under the jurisdiction of this Agency, and because it allowed all Anishinaabeg to enroll Anishinaabeg Today BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that all such with no blood quantum or residency restrictions. White Earth Tribal Council persons referred to herein be c o n s i d e r e d It was the job of U.S. government officials to see PO Box 418, Chippewa Indians and entitled to all benefits as that the MCT created a citizenship requirement White Earth, MN 56591 such. that allowed as few Anishinaabeg as possible to The MCT was careful to clearly include enroll. Member of the clauses that would ensure wide inclusion. Getting the MCT to pass a resolution on trib- Native American Journalist Association Neither blood status, residency, nor marital sta- al citizenship that would be approved by the and the Minnesota Newspaper Association tus were to be used to exclude Anishinaabeg Secretary of the Interior became of increasing from tribal citizenship and the services provided concern to federal officials. On Sept. 19, 1951, the Tribal Council/Editor by the Consolidated Chippewa Agency. While Commission of Indian Affairs wrote to Don the resolution makes it clear that the individuals Foster, Area Director of Minneapolis, about the Erma J. Vizenor are “entitled to all benefits” it makes specific ref- problem. The Commissioner noted that the reso- Chairwoman erence to medical care implying that health and lutions passed by the MCT were “in conflict with Franklin “Bud” Heisler medical care were of prominent concern. The the policy expressed by Congress and followed Secretary-Treasurer MCT took a bold stand against the use of blood quantum to define who was and who was not See Quantum Page 17 Irene “Rene” Auginaush District I Chairwoman Erma J. Vizenor Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts District II Thank You Heisler, John LaVoy, and Evelyn Eckstein. There The White Earth Tribe has 1,680 employees were also a few supervisors in the field working Kenneth “Gus” Bevins District III who work for tribal government, Shooting Star in Head Start, construction training, and com- Casino, Hotel, and Event Center, housing, munity health care. Marvin Sargent was our Gary W. Padrta schools, and business enterprises. tribal chairman. Editor As tribal chairwoman, I want to thank each Today, the White Earth Tribal Government is employee for your service to our people. large and growing at a rapid pace, which is the Last Friday the tribal government employees primary reason for the new tribal headquarters Future Issues had our annual picnic and activity day. When I scheduled for completion in September 2008. We Deadline Issue Date gave my greeting and thank you at the picnic, I have made great progress. Thank you. mentioned how much tribal government has Constitutional Convention Sept. 5 Sept. 12 grown during the past 40 years. I have called for a Constitutional Convention In 1968, the summer before I started college, on Oct. 19-20, 2007, to be held at the Shooting Sept. 26 Oct. 3 I worked as a Head Start health records clerk for Star Casino Event Center. I have asked our nine the White Earth Community Action Program in community councils to select three delegates and Oct. 17 Oct. 24 White Earth. The Community Action Program two alternates to the Convention. I have asked (CAP) was the tribal programs located in an old the Elders Council and Youth Council to each Nov. 7 Nov. 14 two story house-like building. There were only a appoint three delegates and two alternates to the few employees in the central office. I remember Convention. In addition, I will call for 20 at-large Nov. 28 Dec. 5 Charles LaDue, executive director, Germaine members. Please watch for the next newspaper Reigert, Eleanor Warren, Dude Warren, Jiggs for information. I will facilitate the Convention. Wednesday, August 22, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today 17 Quantum from Page 2 In Memory by the Department of the Interior to the using it. At a meeting on March 23, 1959, the Our Angel and Momma effect that the application of Indian benefits TEC unanimously passed a resolution that Anna Stevens (1928-2004) should be limited to those person who are noted the one-quarter degree policy had Indians by virtue of actual tribal affiliation “created much confusion, hardship, and God saw momma was getting tired and a cure was not or by virtue of possessing one-half or more conflict” and requested the “ _ degree policy meant to be. So He put his arms around her and whispered, Indian blood.” The Commissioner said that set forth by the Bureau of Indian Affairs be “Come with me.” With tearful eyes we watched her suffer the MCT should be urged to pass a more eliminated.” In this case the TEC went and saw her fade away. Although we loved momma dear- restrictive resolution offering ideas such as beyond their own regulations to encourage ly we could not make her stay. A golden heart stopped beat- requiring that “both parents are recognized change in BIA practices. They went so far as ing, hard working hands were laid to rest. God broke our members of the tribe, or that the residence of to request that U.S. elected officials and hearts to prove to us He only takes the best. the parents is within the reservation, or that other agencies join with them in their effort. the child is of a certain degree of Indian In requesting the elimination of the one- Your sons and daughters, blood.” It appears that the Commissioner quarter degree policy the MCT reinforced Gloria Johnson, T-Hawk, Shirley Rantsch, Sandy was trying to get Foster to place pressure on their commitment to lineal descent and Stevens and grandchildren. the MCT to pass a resolution that would be showed no signs of willingness to accept approved. blood quantum as a requirement for tribal The MCT continued to resist the adop- citizenship. Yet in two short years the MCT Sandra F. Kriesel tion of a blood quantum requirement for would pass an ordinance that required one- Feb. 5, 1956 - July 25, 2006 tribal citizenship. In 1959 elected leaders of quarter blood quantum for tribal citizen- the MCT were again working together to ship. Searching for your face wherever I look fight the use of blood quantum, even going The next article will discuss this dramat- Making out shapes in the clouds above so far as to attempt to get the BIA to stop ic change. I can’t stop because I’m always missing you Listening in the wind as it blows Award from Page 5 I think I hear your voice or was it your laugh No one could ever take your place Management College, Ft. Belvoir, VA. Affiliated Schools. In all, members from Getting on with your life up there Bishop retired from the U.S. Army in over 200 Native Nations are represented 1995, where he led aviation, armor and within AISES. This is the largest American Doing little things to make grandma laugh infantry units as well as assignments in the Indian National Conference, where hun- Or is it Uncle “Buddy Do” terrorizing you acquisition corps during a 20-year career. dreds of corporations, federal agencies and Wayne just got there with a joke to tell Bishop is married to Elizabeth Fliedner universities meet Indian students and pro- No one knows like us Bellecourts do - you four are going Bishop and has two children. fessionals eager to learn about career oppor- to raise some hell. The awards will be presented at the 29th tunities. The 3-day event includes a Career AISES Annual National Conference on Nov. Fair and workshops for students, teachers Over some time I still break down and cry 1-3 in Phoenix. Mission: Success is the theme and professionals. No one knows just how much you mean to us of this year’s National Conference Each AISES is a national non-profit organiza- year, our conference attracts attendees from tion whose mission is to substantially U are in a better place the extensive AISES membership network increase the representation of American Smiling down on us with your beautiful face which includes over 3,000 active members, Indian and Alaskan Natives in engineering, 15,000 alumni, 805 Sequoyah (lifetime) science and other related technology disci- Your loving son, Fellows, 160 College Chapters, and 200 K-12 plines. Daniel Kriesel Energy from Page 13 A letter to our mother Blanche M. (Antell) Turner will double again in fewer years, On the positive side, Haugesag said, July 29, 1918 - July 27, 2005 Hemmingsen said. Minnesota factories already are making Dentley Haugesag of the state everything needed for wind-powered gener- Dearest Muddy, Department of Employment and Economic ators. We still miss you - now and forever, but we realize you Development delivered a sobering assess- The 10 major wind-powered electric gen- are in a happier place - a place where there is no pain. For ment of available renewable fuels in erator makers are based in other countries, this we are very thankful. Minnesota. and there are just a few Minnesota compa- You are with daddy and all the rest of our loved ones, He said every bit of biomass – crops, nies that actually provide parts for turbines. wood, etc. – would be needed to produce Haugesag said he is working with foreign Shelly, Bob, Bill, your mom and dad, your grandparents, sis- enough energy for the state. But if that hap- turbine manufacturers to begin using ters, brothers, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, all our babies, pened, there would be no food, livestock Minnesota parts, and perhaps even make grand babies, and great grand babies. You loved and nur- feed, lumber or other plant-based products complete turbines in the state. - Bemidji tured us through five generations - and for this we are very made in Minnesota. Pioneer. thankful - kiss them all for us and keep them in your loving arms until we get there. Conference from Page 6 We are thankful to the Creator for giving you to us. include “How Depression & Bi-Polar vendors, a comedy show, a stress-relief area, We love and miss you - now and forever, Disorder can Impact Youth,” “Suicide resource tables, book sales, and Native Your family Awareness and Intervention Strategies,” crafters. “Learning Through Play: Parents, Teachers, All submissions to the Anishinaabeg Today must and Children,” and“Parenting on Purpose, The 8th Annual Brain Development be legible! Submissions that cannot be read A Framework for Respectful Discipline.” Conference is slated for Aug. 13-14, 2008 at The conference also featured several the Shooting Star Casino Event Center. will not be accepted. 2 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, September 22, 2007 Anishinaabeg Today Part VIII The Anishinaabeg Today (AT), a publication of Blood quantum becomes the sole requirement for tribal citizenship the White Earth Band of Ojibwe, is published every three weeks. Editorials and articles appearing in the By Jill Doerfler describe the rules of the ordinance and why it AT are the responsibility of the authors and do not was passed to all the Tribal Delegates. necessarily reflect the opinion or attitude of the AT After years of attempting to get a resolution Pemberton explained that “it was necessary to staff or the White Earth Nation. The AT reserves the on tribal citizenship that only required lineal set the _ degree blood quantum in the ordinance right to reject any advertising or materials submitted descent approved by the Secretary of the Interior in order to receive approval of the Department of for publication. The submission of articles, poetry, the MCT finally bowed to federal pressure and the Interior which defines an Indian as being _ or artwork and photos is encouraged, however, they are passed an ordinance relating to tribal citizenship more degree Indian blood.” He went on to subject to editing for grammar, length, malicious and that required a minimum of one-quarter blood in defend the ordinance stating that “if the MCT libelous content. The Editor makes the sole decision 1961. During this time the U.S. government was does not set up enrollment rules, than [sic] the of what is published in the AT and will not assume engaged in “termination,” a policy which ended Department will make their own rules.” any responsibility for unsolicited material nor will the U.S. government’s recognition of the sover- Pemberton implies that the TEC had little choice the AT guarantee publication upon submission. AT eign political status of some American Indian in passing the ordinance because if they did not will not guarantee publication of materials submitted nations. It is likely that the MCT feared if they do so the Department would. Despite past deadlines posted in the AT. did not go along with the blood quantum Pemberton’s rationale for the ordinance about The AT is distributed at no charge to all postal requirement for tribal citizenship the tribe might one third of the Tribal Delegates continued their patrons living on White Earth Reservation and it is be terminated. opposition to the use of blood quantum to deter- also distributed to select areas in Minnesota, the The TEC passed the ordinance first. It stated, mine tribal citizenship and voted against it. Dakotas, and by direct mail to members and sub- “After the approval of this ordinance by the However, the ordinance passed among the Tribal scribers within the United States. The newspaper is Secretary of the Interior, all children born to a Delegates 29 for and 15 opposed. By passing the free to White Earth Nation members, but costs $17 parent of parents whose names appear on the ordinance themselves rather than allowing the per year for non-members. basic membership roll shall be eligible for mem- BIA control the issue the MCT maintained their To subscribe or advertise, call (218) 983-3285 bership, provided they possess at least one-quar- sovereign powers. It appears that the require- Ext. 1206 ~ Email: today@whiteearth.com ~ Fax: ter ( _ ) degree Minnesota Chippewa Indian ment went into effect after the Secretary of the (218) 983-3641. blood, and provided further that an application Interior approved it along with other constitu- Anishinaabeg Today for enrollment is filed with the Secretary of the tional changes in 1963. White Earth Tribal Council Tribal Delegates within one year after date of One-quarter blood quantum continues to PO Box 418, birth.” The ordinance also allowed individuals govern tribal citizenship; however, the issue has White Earth, MN 56591 who met the citizenship requirement but were remained prominent. At a TEC meeting on not enrolled due to error to be admitted into the October 1, 1965 Mr. Savage noted that Indians Member of the MCT by adoption. Individuals who did not have who were less than one-quarter blood were not Native American Journalist Association at least one-quarter Minnesota Chippewa Indian eligible for scholarships through the BIA and he and the Minnesota Newspaper Association blood were made citizens of the tribe provided felt they should be included. Mr. Martin stated: they were born before May 12, 1961. Finally, no “the one-quarter degree should be changed to Tribal Council/Editor one who was already enrolled was taken off the enable any Indian to be eligible for all benefits.” rolls. At a TEC meeting in 1967 there was a motion to Erma J. Vizenor Two days after the TEC passed the ordinance abolish the one quarter degree requirement Chairwoman a Delegates meeting was held. The members of because many felt it was not right to deny com- Franklin “Bud” Heisler the TEC knew it would be difficult to get the munity members citizenship because of blood Secretary-Treasurer Tribal Delegates to agree to the new ordinance. They decided that John L. Pemberton would See Quantum Page 22 Irene “Rene” Auginaush District I Hear real “NDN” Terrance “Terry” Tibbetts District II hosts who love WANTED! Kenneth “Gus” Bevins “NDN” humor Twenty (20) at-large delegates to White District III Earth Constitutional Convention to be held Paul Schultz and Joe LaGarde, October 19 and 20, 2007, Gary W. Padrta co-anchors Editor Shooting Star Casino Event Center, KPRM Radio 870 AM Mahnomen, Minn Future Issues on your dial Please submit your name, address, Deadline Issue Date Every Saturday morning at 9:30 a.m. enrollment number, and a brief statement Sept. 26 Oct. 3 why you want to serve as a delegate by Brought to you by the October 1, 2007. Oct. 17 Oct. 24 De LaHunt Broadcasting Corporation Nov. 7 Nov. 14 Send information to: Listening areas include: Erma J. Vizenor, Tribal Chairwoman Nov. 28 Dec. 5 White Earth, Red Lake and P.O. Box 418 Dec. 19 Dec. 26 Leech Lake! White Earth, MN 56591 22 Anishinaabeg Today Wednesday, September 12, 2007 Depot from Front Page In Memory Point. The other busing system, Dial-A-Ride, is In Memory of Linda St. Claire-Hawpetoss “This is basically to get people to work more flexible. The Dial-A-Ride program isn’t Our mother, our father, and our best friend on time. The morning and afternoon routes up and running yet because all the drivers are to pick them up,” Greene said. “There’s a have not been hired and trained. Passengers Thank you mother- for all that you have done, middle route going to start at 10 a.m. and must call 24 hours in advance and will be You took great care, of your daughters and sons. end at 3:06 p.m., and that’s the route people taken where needed. There is no established are going to be able to shop (or go to the casi- route. The cost for Dial-A-Ride is $2 per ride. You loved us all from the very start, no) and run continuously back and forth.” Dial-A-Ride will run Monday-Friday with your warm, kind, and loving heart. Route 1 will include stops in Detroit from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., and Saturday and Thank you mother, for being strong, Lakes, Callaway, Ogema, White Earth Clinic, Sunday from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. While trying to teach us right from wrong. White Earth M&W Store, RTC Building, All passengers must pay in cash and Waubun, Shooting Star Casino and have the exact amount. Punch cards are If anytime, we had a problem, you were there to help us Riverland Apartments. Routes run Monday- available through White Earth Public Transit solve them. Friday from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. and other area businesses very soon. You'd lift us up, when we were feeling blue. Thank you Route 2 will include Rice Lake mother, for we could always count on you. Community Center, Rice Lake Tower, “The difference is your $1 route is an You were such- an awesome mother, Naytahwaush Fire Hall, Naytahwaush established route and there’s going to be no The love you showed was like no other. Complex, the Shooting Star Casino, Waubun, deviation. They can just jump on that when- White Earth RTC, White Earth Clinic and ever,” Greene explained. “A Dial-A-Ride is Thank you mother- for your dear, sweet love, White Earth M&W Store. They will run going to have to be made 24 hours in Now you'll watch over us from above. Monday-Friday from 6 a.m. to 7:29 p.m. advance and we may not be able to service Love your children, Feather (Robert) Badillo III, Donavon Route 3 includes Pine Point Community you depending on how many calls we’ve (Jessie) St.Claire, Justin Hawpetoss, RIP Robert (Bossman) Center, Pine Point New Housing, Elbow gotten that day before.” Hawpetoss. Love also from your grandchild, Dominic Lake Community Center, White Earth RTC, St.Claire-Badillo, Diamante Badillo. Last but not least love White Earth M&W Store, White Earth Clinic, For more information on schedules or from your mother, Faye St.Claire, and all the other people SS Casino, Riverland Apartments, Waubun routes, and for future Dial-A-Ride reserva- who knew our mother and who lives she has touched. and Ogema. They run Monday-Friday from tions, contact White Earth Public Transit at The family members of Linda would like to say humbly, 6 a.m. to 6:37 p.m. (218) 983-3283 or toll free at 888-845-6787. many miigwech's for all the help that was shown and given and greatly appreciates all the time and effort that people Quantum from Page 2 gave to our family. quantum. The motion passed 8 for 2 against. nation. Perhaps it is time once again for us to Memorial Feast After having a one-quarter blood quantum “consider the relationship,” as argued by requirement for only 4 years the TEC decid- William Anywaush over half a century ago, Pam Quim would like to invite all family and friends to ed to abolish it. It is probable that like the to consider our families and relatives as we a one-year Memorial Feast and Giveaway for her son resolutions in the 1940s, which did not move forward with constitutional reform Jeremy Marth (Feb. 1, 1979 to Oct. 3, 2006) on Saturday, Oct. require a specific degree of blood, the and the reevaluation of tribal citizenship 6 at the American Indian Center, 1845 East Franklin Avenue Secretary of the Interior rejected the resolu- requirements. South, Minneapolis. “Life is not forever - love is...” tion and so it was never enforced. Our constitution and the requirements While the MCT did finally bow to feder- for tribal citizenship therein should reflect There will be a Memorial Feast for Douglas A. al pressure to use blood quantum as the Anishinaabe values and cultural practices. Buckanaga (Feb. 5, 1976 to Sept. 11, 2006), and his father determiner for tribal citizenship in 1961, Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Kevin M. Buckanaga (Oct. 5, 1956 to Sept. 20, 1972), on they put up a long, hard fight. As the records Chippewa citizen and legal scholar Mathew Sept. 15 from 1-4:30 p.m. at the Upper Midwest American show, time and again family was discussed L.M. Fletcher has written, “Indians and Indian Center, 1035 West Broadway, Minneapolis. “Together as the proper method of determining citi- Indian tribes must recognize that the space forever in the Spirit World.” zenship. Elected leaders took the issue of to ‘make their own laws’ is equivalent to the tribal citizenship very seriously. They knew right of preserving and making their own that their decisions would impact future culture.” Using blood quantum for tribal cit- Looking For Family generations of Anishinaabeg. They resisted izenship is not helping us preserve or enact the application of blood quantum by pass- Anishinaabe culture. It is not creating a My name is Frank W. Fortney and I’m looking for my ing several resolutions on tribal citizenship strong and vibrant nation that we can be uncle Clifford Littlewolf. My mom is Marge Snow and my that only required lineal descent, emphasiz- proud of. Blood quantum is not a reflection dad is Frank T. Fortney. I know very little of my uncle other ing that it was not race or blood quantum of Anishinaabe values; it is a concept the than he went blind. I was told he came to California once that was the primary determiner of an indi- U.S. government pushed the MCT to adopt. with my parents, but was back on the Rez long since then. vidual’s identity it was family that was the Fletcher has also argued, “Fundamental Any information would be gratefully appreciated. most important. They wanted to be inclu- questions, such as who Indian people are in sive and worried that using blood quantum a legal sense under tribal law, must be Thank you, would be discrimination against their fellow answered in light of the modern experiences Frank W. Fortney Anishinaabeg and would likely mean that of Indian people; not the laws and traditions (406) 675-4153 future members of their own families would imposed by outsiders.” There is no easy PO Box 333, Pablo, MT 59855 be excluded from tribal citizenship. answer to how tribal citizenship should be Indeed, the fears of our leaders are now regulated but we can draw on our traditions a reality. Many families are now divided and values to create citizenship require- All non-paid articles submitted to the with some being enrolled and others not. ments that enact our beliefs. By working The use of blood quantum as the sole deter- together we can create a strong nation that Anishinaabeg Today will be run on a miner for tribal citizenship has caused a echoes our traditions and honors our future. space-available basis. divide within our families, communities and