===== page 1 ===== Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution Meetings Session 3: Government & Constitutions: What They Are, Do, & Look Like Across Indian Country August 2017 - January 2018 Government & Constitutions: What are they? What do they do? What they look like across Indian Country Governance - A Native Tradition: Some Examples Some Examples Gli,seyhu Sik'ayu' Cina Lakasilyu Sik'ayu' Pina' Cina Tasnyu Pina' Cina Lakasamhu Pina' Cina and Ooq' Cina Giulamden Sik'ayu' Pina' Cina Wet'suwet'en People: * clans and houses * types of chiefs Lakota People: * decision-making council (known as * chief spiritual as the leader alternates * akicita society (warriors in charge of law enforcement). between two main kivas law enforcement). What Happened to Native Nation Governance in the United States? Colonial policies have impeded, displaced or destroyed Indigenous governance of SH ance ved institutions and governing systems over the past few centuries. Late 18th Century - Early 20th Century: the systematic suppression of Indigenous governance and governments | | 1930s: Tentative beginnings (the Indian Reorganization Act) 1960s: New funds, new programs, new demands; Office of 3902: Mew new orograms. new Ccomomik Opoemeaty Economic Opportunity (OEO), political activism 1970s: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, the takeover of federal programs 1980s - federal programs Presented by the Native Nations Institute. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona. Copyright 2017. Arizona Board of Regents. All Rights Reserved ~ ===== page 2 ===== Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution Meetings Session 3: Government & Constitutions: What They Are, Do, & Look Like Across Indian Country August 2017 - January 2018 A Major Shift in Focus: From Rights to Governance | | The Rights Battle 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 The Governance Challenge owers of self-government. Native nations exercise significant control over (among other things), name a few: - Citizenship Taxation • Governmental Form • Lands and Natural Resources • Law Making and Environmental Regulatic Regulation - Business Permitting and Regulation - Cultural and Religious - Some Criminal Matters Affairs ry Towoen (Se os asus pl 2 FES, SAS RITA 7 re i SS ERI RESIS *: APE G , HOS SRS yes A Ads tasdiancent, i ————" a. oqo >— cemerreny,, ~~ TT ’ ° ee 2y (oyrss ee ° mG ~ a . ’ Presented by the Native Nations Institute. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona Copyright 2017. Arizona Board of Regents. All Rights Reserved ===== page 3 ===== Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution Meetings Session 3: Government & Constitutions: What They Are, Do, & Look Like Across Indian Country August 2017 - January 2018 At the same time, current legal and political trends are not positive. a line of text. ; ot Sat . 4 oy sett Resi Le 3 oh 4 4 oo RC x : ¥ es a = 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 The future is uncertain. nnl.arizona.edu What is a constitution? Donald (Del) Laverdure, Crow Nation A constitution, whether written or unwritten ... states the most fundamental rules by which a nation and its people intend to work together to achieve their goals. It says: who they are as a people, • who has what rights and authorities, • how they'll make decisions, • how they'll resolve disputes, and • get things done. In short, a constitution codifies the people's explanation of how the nation will govern itself. Presented by the Native Nations Institute. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona. Copyright 2017. Arizona Board of Regents. All Rights Reserved ===== page 4 ===== Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution Meetings Session 3: Government & Constitutions: What They Are, Do, & Look Like Across Indian Country August 2017 - January 2018 Another way to think about it... Frank Ettawageshik, Former Chairman, Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Another way to think about it... Key Issues A Constitution Needs to Address • Who are we? • How do we define nationhood and citizenship? • Who has responsibility for what? How do we make law? Where does law come from? • How do we resolve disputes? • How do we choose our leaders and maintain Presented by the Native Nations Institute. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona. Copyright 2017. Arizona Board of Regents. All Rights Reserved ===== page 5 ===== Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution Meetings Session 3: Government & Constitutions: What They Are, Do, & Look Like Across Indian Country August 2017 - January 2018 Diversity in Governmental Forms | | Traditional Contemporary Hopi Gitanyow FN Salish Kootenai Citizen Potawatomi Great variation in governmental form among tribes because of the diversity of traditional political systems and the uneven application of federal policy For example, some tribes have constitutional governments, others do not Localizing Authority A number of nations, seeking to make their governance more culturally appropriate in the eyes of their citizens, have moved decision-making power and resources from the national to the sub-national level. A Fourth Branch? Many Native nations have the usual three-branch government. But some have an elders council or equivalent body to make cultural decisions, deal with sacred sites, and administer the oath of office. Others are revitalizing traditional societies to play a role in governance. Presented by the Native Nations Institute. Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy, The University of Arizona. Copyright 2017. Arizona Board of Regents. All Rights Reserved ===== page 6 ===== Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Constitution Meetings Session 3: Government & Constitutions: What They Are, Do, & Look Like Across Indian Country August 2017 - January 2018 You would need to think about... Who should be doing what? Shared institutions (for example, an intertribal court) What Matters to Native Nations? Interested not just in governmental and business affairs, but in... Maintaining and enhancing their religion, culture and language Maintaining and protecting their political autonomy and sovereign rights The welfare of their people and lands Which of these governments is the "best"? The one that solves its nation's governance challenges The one that promotes its nation's interests The one that hold its nation together The one that matches its nation's current culture In other words, there's no one "best" way. There's only the way that's best for your nation.